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Mumps

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Mumps virus

TEM micrograph of the mumps virus.

Virus classification

Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)

Order: Mononegavirales

Family: Paramyxoviridae

Genus: Rubulavirus

Type species

Mumps virus

For other uses of the word Mumps or MUMPS, see Mumps (disambiguation).

Mumps or epidemic parotitis is a viral disease of the human species. The word "mumps" originally meant "to mumble", and came to be applied to the disease because of the side effects it causes. Prior to the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide, and is still a significant threat to health in the third world.[1]

Painful swelling of the salivary glands (classically the parotid gland) is the most typical presentation.[2] Painful testicular swelling and rash may also occur. The symptoms are generally not severe in children. In teenage males and men, complications such as infertility or subfertility are more common, although still rare in absolute terms.[3],[4],[5] The disease is generally self-limited, running its course before receding, with no specific treatment apart from controlling the symptoms with painkillers.

[edit] Symptoms

Comparison of a person before and after contracting the mumpsThe more common symptoms of mumps are:

Parotid inflammation (or parotitis) in 60–70% of infections and 95% of patients with symptoms.[2] Parotitis causes swelling and local pain, particularly when chewing. It can occur on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral).

Fever

Headache

Orchitis, referring to painful inflammation of the testicle.[6] Males past puberty who develop mumps have a 30 percent risk of orchitis.[7]

Other symptoms of mumps can include sore face and/or ears and occasionally in more serious cases, loss of voice.

[edit] Prodrome

Fever and headache can occur already as prodromal symptoms of mumps, together with malaise and anorexia.

[edit] Signs and tests

A physical examination confirms the presence of the swollen glands. Usually the disease is diagnosed on clinical grounds and no confirmatory laboratory testing is needed. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis, a test of saliva, or blood may be carried out; a newer diagnostic confirmation, using real-time nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, has also been developed [8]. An estimated 20%-30% of cases are asymptomatic.[9]

[edit] Treatment

There is no specific treatment for mumps. Symptoms may be relieved by the application of intermittent ice or heat to the affected neck area and by Acetaminophen/Paracetamol (Tylenol) for pain relief. Aspirin use is discouraged in young children because of studies showing an increased risk of Reye's syndrome.[10] Warm salt water gargles, soft foods, and extra fluids may also help relieve symptoms.

Patients are advised to avoid fruit juice or any acidic foods, since these stimulate the salivary glands, which can be painful.

[edit] Prognosis

Death is very unusual. The disease is self-limiting, and general outcome is good, even if other organs are involved. Mumps viral infections in adult males carry a 25% risk that the testes may become infected which in rare cases leads to sterility. After the illness, life-long immunity to mumps generally occurs.

[edit] Complications

[Andrex]

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